Malaterra, who compares Robert Guiscard and his brother to "Joseph and Benjamin of old," says of Roger: "He was a youth of the greatest beauty, of lofty stature, of graceful shape, most eloquent in speech and cool in counsel. He was far-seeing in arranging all his actions, pleasant and merry all with men; strong and brave, and furious in battle." He shared with Robert Guiscard the conquest of Calabria, and in a treaty of 1062 the brothers in dividing the conquest apparently made a kind of "condominium" by which either was to have half of every castle and town in Calabria.
Robert now resolved to employ Roger's genius in reducing Sicily, which contained, besides the Moslems, numerous Greek Christians subject to Arab princes who had become all but independent of the sultan of Tunis. In May 1061 the brothers crossed from Reggio and captured Messina. After Palermo had been taken in January 1072 Robert Guiscard, as suzerain, invested Roger as count of Sicily, but retained Palermo, half of Messina and the north-east portion (the Val Demone). Not till 1085, however, was Roger able to undertake a systematic crusade.
In March 1086 Syracuse surrendered, and when in February 1091 Noto yielded the conquest was complete. Much of Robert's success had been due to Roger's support. Similarly the latter supported Duke Roger, his nephew, against Bohemund, Capua and his rebels, and the real leadership of the Hautevilles passed to the Sicilian. count. In return for his aid against Bohemund and his rebels the duke surrendered to his uncle in 1085 his share in the castles of Calabria, and in 1091 the half of Palermo. Roger's rule in Sicily was more real than Robert Guiscard's in Italy. At the enfeoffments of 1072 and 1092 no great undivided fiefs were created, and the mixed Norman, French and Italian vassals owed their benefices to the count. No feudal revolt of importance therefore troubled Roger. Politically supreme, the count became master of the insular Church. While he gave full toleration to the Greek Churches, he created new Latin bishoprics at Syracuse and Girgenti and elsewhere, nominating the bishops personally, while he turned the archbishopric of Palermo into a Catholic see.
The Papacy, favouring a prince who had recovered Sicily from Greeks and Moslems, granted to him and his heirs in 1098 the Apostolic Legateship in the island. Roger practised general toleration to Arabs and Greeks, allowing to each race the expansion of its own civilization. In the cities the Moslems, who had generally secured such terms of surrender, retained their mosques, their kadis, and freedom of trade; in the country, however, they became serfs. He drew from the Moslems the mass of his infantry, and St Anselm visiting him at the siege of Capua, 1098, found "the brown tents of the Arabs innumerable." Nevertheless the Latin element began to prevail with the Lombards and other Italians who flocked into the island in the wake of the conquest, and the conquest of Sicily was decisive in the steady decline from this time of Mahommedan power in the western Mediterranean.
Roger, the "Great Count of Sicily," died on June 22 1101 in his seventieth year and was buried in S. Trinità of Mileto.
He married 3 times. His first wife was Judith, daughter of William, count of Évreux (in Normandy) and Hawisa of Échauffour. His second wife was Eremberga, daughter of William, count of Mortain (also in Normandy). He last wife was Adelaide, niece of Boniface, lord of Savona.
By his first two wives he had a number of daughters, including:
- Matilda, who married Raymond of Provence
- Constance, who married Conrad, son of the Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV
- Busila, who married King Coloman of Hungary
- a daughter who married Ranulf, count of Alife
- a daughter who married Ralph Maccabees, count of Montecaglioso
This entry was originally from the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
1061 - Lo sbarco in Sicilia Quando il Gran Conte Ruggero sognava di conquistare la Sicilia, dalla spiaggia di Reggio Calabria guardava quel tratto di costa sicula che oggi è la sede del Sovrano Ordine Dinastico dei Cavalieri Normanni. Quando, nel Maggio del 1061, mandò Roberto il Guiscardo a Messina, Egli, con trecento uomoni, venne a sbarcare su questa spiaggia. Qui fu successivamente sepolto il figlio Giordano; da qui parte il “Quartiere Normanno” verso Messina.
Davanti a questa spiaggia passava la via romana Consolare Valeria, che entrava a Messina, divenendo via Porta Imperiale, ed uscendo da Messina verso Palermo come via Consolare Pompea. Questo era il percorso obbligato del Gran Conte, che incontrava un solo insediamento: un fortilizio saracendo su una supenda collina, degradante verso il mare e ricca di palme, che si chiamava “Palmara” (oggi è il Gran Camposanto Monumentale). Da qui usciva un drappello di Saraceni, che portava vettovaglie a Messina. Questi furono sgominati da Ruggero che occupò la Palmara e distrusse il fortilizio. Poi, preso un cammello scese a Messina sulla sua groppa, calorosamente accolto dai messinesi. La Palmara fu sempre la Signoria prediletta dai d’Altavilla. Quando Costanza richiamò i Normanni, pare che il ramo reale si rifuggiasse alla Palmara.
