A gold rush is a period of feverish migration of workers into the area of a dramatic discovery of commercial quantities of gold, to pan or placer mine for gold.

Gold rushes became a feature of the 19th century. Factors that led thousands at a time to abandon daily Industrial Revolution drudgery and travel to gold fields (diggings) included

• relative improvements in
  • transport networks, and
  • in means of communication that supported rumour-distribution chains,
• some social discontent, and
• an international gold-based monetary system.

These areas included

• California (1849 onwards),
• Australia (from the 1850s),
• Otago, New Zealand (after about 1861), and
• the Klondike in Yukon, Canada (around the end of the 19th century).

Anecdotally, some few miners made fortunes, several suppliers and traders made good money, and numerous unfortunates endured hardship and privation in exotic frontiers of civilisation for little ultimate reward. Demographically, several gold rushes shook up the patterns of settlement, resulting in the opening up of previously sparsely-settled areas and a Cantonese diaspora around the Pacific Rim. Gold-rush culture, often reflected in popular song, tended to promote self-images of robust masculinity.

Wikipedia articles cover the gold rushes in

• California
• Colorado.